Metabolism
Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is a medical condition in which the body cannot keep blood glucose levels normal, also known as insulin resistance. Globally, an estimated 425 million people are living with diabetes,1 and diabetes is predicted to become the seventh most common cause of death by 2030.2
People with type-2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing several serious life-threatening health problems, lowering quality of life for patients and increasing medical care costs.3-5
The pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome
The clustering of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in people with insulin resistance is also known as metabolic syndrome. This condition has a variety of definitions, all of which include, in addition to insulin resistance, some combination of cardiometabolic diseases like dyslipidemia (an abnormal level of lipids in the blood), obesity and hypertension.6
Risk factors for patients with type-2 diabetes
The combination of risk factors for type-2 diabetes further increases patients risk for cardiovascular and renal disease (cardiorenal).7,8 Cardiorenal diseases are early, frequent, fatal and forgotten diseases when it comes to T2D. For instance, patients with metabolic syndrome are almost twice as likely to develop chronic kidney disease (CKD) as patients without metabolic syndrome.9 Early CKD often has no sign or symptoms. A person can lose up to 90% of their kidney function before experiencing any signs.10
Diabetes and its comorbidities
Apart from constituting a substantial burden, the combination of more than one CVRM disease can also impact a patient’s mortality.1,11
Early kidney disease in patients at age 30 years with diabetes can reduce the overall life-expectancy up to 15 years for men and 17 years for women.12
In patients living with diabetes, the outcome after a heart attack is poorer than in patients without diabetes with increased risk for a recurrent attack, re-hospitalisation for heart failure and complicating heart failure.13
Patients with type-2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing heart failure and patients with both diseases have about a two-fold higher risk for cardiovascular death or death from other causes than those with heart failure alone.13
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The pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome
Risk factors for patients with type-2 diabetes
Diabetes and its comorbidities
